Guys, don't be so mean lah... Let's try making this forum more educational. Yes, google is useful, but one must first know what to look for before you can find it.
OP, you are asking very standard questions that experienced players take forgranted. But I like the line of questioning, because it's showing an interest in guitars with regards to construction beyond the paint colour.
To your specific question, yes ALL bolt-on necks have a truss rod. And in some cases, more than one. The nylon stringed instruments (like the classical and flemenco guitars) do not have truss rods, mainly because the nylon strings do not exert that much of tension onto the necks. So, it is a tension related issue. When you look at a guitar, look at the strings. If there seems to be a great amount of tension involved, then yes, usually a truss rod is in use.
Your other question, regarding the difference in tone between flamed and quilt, is an old debate. Some say yes, there's a difference, because of the way the quilt and flame differ right down to the cell structure, and some say it's so negligible, that it's irrelevant. Those who claim that there's an audible difference will tell you that quilts sound looser and not as taut. The flamed variety is supposed to be tighter sounding, and oddly, as some claim, brighter. I think it's more possible to hear a difference when you tap the original wood plank of both a quilt and a flame, and making sure they're of the same sizes. Yet that's also very subjective, because wood is organic, and never replicated from piece to piece. The grain, cut and density will always play a part.
Hope that answers your questions. Do some research, buy some books from Amazon.com by Tony Bacon. Very educational. Read some other forums where builders thrive and you can learn a lot.